add thinking support to the api and cli (#10584)

- Both `/api/generate` and `/api/chat` now accept a `"think"` option that allows specifying whether thinking mode should be on or not - Templates get passed this new option so, e.g., qwen3's template can put `/think` or `/no_think` in the system prompt depending on the value of the setting - Models' thinking support is inferred by inspecting model templates. The prefix and suffix the parser uses to identify thinking support is also automatically inferred from templates - Thinking control & parsing is opt-in via the API to prevent breaking existing API consumers. If the `"think"` option is not specified, the behavior is unchanged from previous versions of ollama - Add parsing for thinking blocks in both streaming/non-streaming mode in both `/generate` and `/chat` - Update the CLI to make use of these changes. Users can pass `--think` or `--think=false` to control thinking, or during an interactive session they can use the commands `/set think` or `/set nothink` - A `--hidethinking` option has also been added to the CLI. This makes it easy to use thinking in scripting scenarios like `ollama run qwen3 --think --hidethinking "my question here"` where you just want to see the answer but still want the benefits of thinking models
2026-04-26 18:55:53 +02:00 · 2025-05-28 19:38:52 -07:00
parent aa25aff10d
commit 5f57b0ef42
17 changed files with 1195 additions and 49 deletions
--- a/server/images.go
+++ b/server/images.go
@@ -37,6 +37,7 @@ var (
 	errCapabilityInsert     = errors.New("insert")
 	errCapabilityVision     = errors.New("vision")
 	errCapabilityEmbedding  = errors.New("embedding")
+	errCapabilityThinking   = errors.New("thinking")
 	errInsecureProtocol     = errors.New("insecure protocol http")
 )

@@ -111,6 +112,12 @@ func (m *Model) Capabilities() []model.Capability {
 		capabilities = append(capabilities, model.CapabilityVision)
 	}

+	// Check for thinking capability
+	openingTag, closingTag := inferThinkingTags(m.Template.Template)
+	if openingTag != "" && closingTag != "" {
+		capabilities = append(capabilities, model.CapabilityThinking)
+	}
+
 	return capabilities
 }

@@ -127,6 +134,7 @@ func (m *Model) CheckCapabilities(want ...model.Capability) error {
 		model.CapabilityInsert:     errCapabilityInsert,
 		model.CapabilityVision:     errCapabilityVision,
 		model.CapabilityEmbedding:  errCapabilityEmbedding,
+		model.CapabilityThinking:   errCapabilityThinking,
 	}

 	for _, cap := range want {
@@ -141,11 +149,19 @@ func (m *Model) CheckCapabilities(want ...model.Capability) error {
 		}
 	}

+	var err error
 	if len(errs) > 0 {
-		return fmt.Errorf("%w %w", errCapabilities, errors.Join(errs...))
+		err = fmt.Errorf("%w %w", errCapabilities, errors.Join(errs...))
 	}

-	return nil
+	if slices.Contains(errs, errCapabilityThinking) {
+		if m.Config.ModelFamily == "qwen3" || model.ParseName(m.Name).Model == "deepseek-r1" {
+			// append a message to the existing error
+			return fmt.Errorf("%w. Pull the model again to get the latest version with full thinking support", err)
+		}
+	}
+
+	return err
 }

 func (m *Model) String() string {
--- a/server/prompt.go
+++ b/server/prompt.go
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ type tokenizeFunc func(context.Context, string) ([]int, error)
 // chatPrompt accepts a list of messages and returns the prompt and images that should be used for the next chat turn.
 // chatPrompt truncates any messages that exceed the context window of the model, making sure to always include 1) the
 // latest message and 2) system messages
-func chatPrompt(ctx context.Context, m *Model, tokenize tokenizeFunc, opts *api.Options, msgs []api.Message, tools []api.Tool) (prompt string, images []llm.ImageData, _ error) {
+func chatPrompt(ctx context.Context, m *Model, tokenize tokenizeFunc, opts *api.Options, msgs []api.Message, tools []api.Tool, think *bool) (prompt string, images []llm.ImageData, _ error) {
 	var system []api.Message

 	// TODO: Ideally we would compute this from the projector metadata but some pieces are implementation dependent
@@ -41,8 +41,12 @@ func chatPrompt(ctx context.Context, m *Model, tokenize tokenizeFunc, opts *api.
 			}
 		}

+		thinkVal := false
+		if think != nil {
+			thinkVal = *think
+		}
 		var b bytes.Buffer
-		if err := m.Template.Execute(&b, template.Values{Messages: append(system, msgs[i:]...), Tools: tools}); err != nil {
+		if err := m.Template.Execute(&b, template.Values{Messages: append(system, msgs[i:]...), Tools: tools, Think: thinkVal, IsThinkSet: think != nil}); err != nil {
 			return "", nil, err
 		}

@@ -96,7 +100,11 @@ func chatPrompt(ctx context.Context, m *Model, tokenize tokenizeFunc, opts *api.

 	// truncate any messages that do not fit into the context window
 	var b bytes.Buffer
-	if err := m.Template.Execute(&b, template.Values{Messages: append(system, msgs[currMsgIdx:]...), Tools: tools}); err != nil {
+	thinkVal := false
+	if think != nil {
+		thinkVal = *think
+	}
+	if err := m.Template.Execute(&b, template.Values{Messages: append(system, msgs[currMsgIdx:]...), Tools: tools, Think: thinkVal, IsThinkSet: think != nil}); err != nil {
 		return "", nil, err
 	}

--- a/server/prompt_test.go
+++ b/server/prompt_test.go
@@ -208,7 +208,8 @@ func TestChatPrompt(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
 			model := tt.model
 			opts := api.Options{Runner: api.Runner{NumCtx: tt.limit}}
-			prompt, images, err := chatPrompt(t.Context(), &model, mockRunner{}.Tokenize, &opts, tt.msgs, nil)
+			think := false
+			prompt, images, err := chatPrompt(t.Context(), &model, mockRunner{}.Tokenize, &opts, tt.msgs, nil, &think)
 			if tt.error == nil && err != nil {
 				t.Fatal(err)
 			} else if tt.error != nil && err != tt.error {
--- a/server/routes.go
+++ b/server/routes.go
@@ -17,7 +17,6 @@ import (
 	"net/netip"
 	"os"
 	"os/signal"
-	"regexp"
 	"slices"
 	"strings"
 	"syscall"
@@ -186,6 +185,13 @@ func (s *Server) GenerateHandler(c *gin.Context) {
 	if req.Suffix != "" {
 		caps = append(caps, model.CapabilityInsert)
 	}
+	if req.Think != nil && *req.Think {
+		caps = append(caps, model.CapabilityThinking)
+		// TODO(drifkin): consider adding a warning if it's false and the model
+		// doesn't support thinking. It's not strictly required, but it can be a
+		// hint that the user is on an older qwen3/r1 model that doesn't have an
+		// updated template supporting thinking
+	}

 	r, m, opts, err := s.scheduleRunner(c.Request.Context(), name.String(), caps, req.Options, req.KeepAlive)
 	if errors.Is(err, errCapabilityCompletion) {
@@ -254,6 +260,9 @@ func (s *Server) GenerateHandler(c *gin.Context) {
 			values.Messages = append(msgs, api.Message{Role: "user", Content: req.Prompt})
 		}

+		values.Think = req.Think != nil && *req.Think
+		values.IsThinkSet = req.Think != nil
+
 		var b bytes.Buffer
 		if req.Context != nil {
 			slog.Warn("the context field is deprecated and will be removed in a future version of Ollama")
@@ -273,6 +282,15 @@ func (s *Server) GenerateHandler(c *gin.Context) {
 		prompt = b.String()
 	}

+	var thinkingState *thinkingParser
+	openingTag, closingTag := inferThinkingTags(m.Template.Template)
+	if req.Think != nil && *req.Think && openingTag != "" && closingTag != "" {
+		thinkingState = &thinkingParser{
+			openingTag: openingTag,
+			closingTag: closingTag,
+		}
+	}
+
 	ch := make(chan any)
 	go func() {
 		// TODO (jmorganca): avoid building the response twice both here and below
@@ -297,6 +315,12 @@ func (s *Server) GenerateHandler(c *gin.Context) {
 				},
 			}

+			if thinkingState != nil {
+				thinking, content := thinkingState.addContent(cr.Content)
+				res.Thinking = thinking
+				res.Response = content
+			}
+
 			if _, err := sb.WriteString(cr.Content); err != nil {
 				ch <- gin.H{"error": err.Error()}
 			}
@@ -324,11 +348,13 @@ func (s *Server) GenerateHandler(c *gin.Context) {

 	if req.Stream != nil && !*req.Stream {
 		var r api.GenerateResponse
-		var sb strings.Builder
+		var sbThinking strings.Builder
+		var sbContent strings.Builder
 		for rr := range ch {
 			switch t := rr.(type) {
 			case api.GenerateResponse:
-				sb.WriteString(t.Response)
+				sbThinking.WriteString(t.Thinking)
+				sbContent.WriteString(t.Response)
 				r = t
 			case gin.H:
 				msg, ok := t["error"].(string)
@@ -344,7 +370,9 @@ func (s *Server) GenerateHandler(c *gin.Context) {
 			}
 		}

-		r.Response = sb.String()
+		r.Thinking = sbThinking.String()
+		r.Response = sbContent.String()
+
 		c.JSON(http.StatusOK, r)
 		return
 	}
@@ -1436,6 +1464,9 @@ func (s *Server) ChatHandler(c *gin.Context) {
 	if len(req.Tools) > 0 {
 		caps = append(caps, model.CapabilityTools)
 	}
+	if req.Think != nil && *req.Think {
+		caps = append(caps, model.CapabilityThinking)
+	}

 	name := model.ParseName(req.Model)
 	if !name.IsValid() {
@@ -1476,13 +1507,22 @@ func (s *Server) ChatHandler(c *gin.Context) {
 	}
 	msgs = filterThinkTags(msgs, m)

-	prompt, images, err := chatPrompt(c.Request.Context(), m, r.Tokenize, opts, msgs, req.Tools)
+	prompt, images, err := chatPrompt(c.Request.Context(), m, r.Tokenize, opts, msgs, req.Tools, req.Think)
 	if err != nil {
 		slog.Error("chat prompt error", "error", err)
 		c.JSON(http.StatusInternalServerError, gin.H{"error": err.Error()})
 		return
 	}

+	var thinkingState *thinkingParser
+	openingTag, closingTag := inferThinkingTags(m.Template.Template)
+	if req.Think != nil && *req.Think && openingTag != "" && closingTag != "" {
+		thinkingState = &thinkingParser{
+			openingTag: openingTag,
+			closingTag: closingTag,
+		}
+	}
+
 	var toolParser *tools.Parser
 	if len(req.Tools) > 0 {
 		toolParser, err = tools.NewParser(m.Template.Template)
@@ -1516,6 +1556,16 @@ func (s *Server) ChatHandler(c *gin.Context) {
 				},
 			}

+			if thinkingState != nil {
+				thinkingContent, remainingContent := thinkingState.addContent(res.Message.Content)
+				if thinkingContent == "" && remainingContent == "" && !r.Done {
+					// need to accumulate more to decide what to send
+					return
+				}
+				res.Message.Content = remainingContent
+				res.Message.Thinking = thinkingContent
+			}
+
 			if r.Done {
 				res.DoneReason = r.DoneReason.String()
 				res.TotalDuration = time.Since(checkpointStart)
@@ -1523,12 +1573,14 @@ func (s *Server) ChatHandler(c *gin.Context) {
 			}

 			if len(req.Tools) > 0 {
-				toolCalls, content := toolParser.Add(r.Content)
+				toolCalls, content := toolParser.Add(res.Message.Content)
 				if len(content) > 0 {
 					res.Message.Content = content
 				} else if len(toolCalls) > 0 {
 					res.Message.ToolCalls = toolCalls
 					res.Message.Content = ""
+				} else if res.Message.Thinking != "" {
+					// don't return
 				} else {
 					if r.Done {
 						ch <- res
@@ -1536,6 +1588,7 @@ func (s *Server) ChatHandler(c *gin.Context) {
 					return
 				}
 			}
+
 			ch <- res
 		}); err != nil {
 			ch <- gin.H{"error": err.Error()}
@@ -1544,12 +1597,14 @@ func (s *Server) ChatHandler(c *gin.Context) {

 	if req.Stream != nil && !*req.Stream {
 		var resp api.ChatResponse
-		var sb strings.Builder
 		var toolCalls []api.ToolCall
+		var sbThinking strings.Builder
+		var sbContent strings.Builder
 		for rr := range ch {
 			switch t := rr.(type) {
 			case api.ChatResponse:
-				sb.WriteString(t.Message.Content)
+				sbThinking.WriteString(t.Message.Thinking)
+				sbContent.WriteString(t.Message.Content)
 				resp = t
 				if len(req.Tools) > 0 {
 					toolCalls = append(toolCalls, t.Message.ToolCalls...)
@@ -1568,7 +1623,9 @@ func (s *Server) ChatHandler(c *gin.Context) {
 			}
 		}

-		resp.Message.Content = sb.String()
+		resp.Message.Content = sbContent.String()
+		resp.Message.Thinking = sbThinking.String()
+
 		if len(toolCalls) > 0 {
 			resp.Message.ToolCalls = toolCalls
 		}
@@ -1595,8 +1652,6 @@ func handleScheduleError(c *gin.Context, name string, err error) {
 	}
 }

-var thinkTagRegexp = regexp.MustCompile(`<think>(?s).*?</think>(\n)*`)
-
 func filterThinkTags(msgs []api.Message, m *Model) []api.Message {
 	if m.Config.ModelFamily == "qwen3" || model.ParseName(m.Name).Model == "deepseek-r1" {
 		finalUserIndex := -1
@@ -1608,7 +1663,17 @@ func filterThinkTags(msgs []api.Message, m *Model) []api.Message {

 		for i, msg := range msgs {
 			if msg.Role == "assistant" && i < finalUserIndex {
-				msgs[i].Content = thinkTagRegexp.ReplaceAllString(msg.Content, "")
+				// TODO(drifkin): this is from before we added proper thinking support.
+				// However, even if thinking is not enabled (and therefore we shouldn't
+				// change the user output), we should probably perform this filtering
+				// for all thinking models (not just qwen3 & deepseek-r1) since it tends
+				// to save tokens and improve quality.
+				thinkingState := &thinkingParser{
+					openingTag: "<think>",
+					closingTag: "</think>",
+				}
+				_, content := thinkingState.addContent(msg.Content)
+				msgs[i].Content = content
 			}
 		}
 	}
--- a/server/routes_generate_test.go
+++ b/server/routes_generate_test.go
@@ -143,6 +143,25 @@ func TestGenerateChat(t *testing.T) {
 		}
 	})

+	t.Run("missing thinking capability", func(t *testing.T) {
+		think := true
+		w := createRequest(t, s.ChatHandler, api.ChatRequest{
+			Model: "test",
+			Messages: []api.Message{
+				{Role: "user", Content: "Hello!"},
+			},
+			Think: &think,
+		})
+
+		if w.Code != http.StatusBadRequest {
+			t.Errorf("expected status 400, got %d", w.Code)
+		}
+
+		if diff := cmp.Diff(w.Body.String(), `{"error":"registry.ollama.ai/library/test:latest does not support thinking"}`); diff != "" {
+			t.Errorf("mismatch (-got +want):\n%s", diff)
+		}
+	})
+
 	t.Run("missing model", func(t *testing.T) {
 		w := createRequest(t, s.ChatHandler, api.ChatRequest{})
 		if w.Code != http.StatusBadRequest {
--- a/server/thinking.go
+++ b/server/thinking.go
@@ -0,0 +1,300 @@
+package server
+
+import (
+	"strings"
+	"text/template"
+	"text/template/parse"
+	"unicode"
+)
+
+type thinkingState int
+
+const (
+	// We're looking for the opening tag, but we haven't seen any non-whitespace
+	// characters yet
+	thinkingState_LookingForOpening thinkingState = iota
+	// We've seen the opening tag, but we haven't seen any non-whitespace
+	// characters yet (we want to eat any whitespace between the opening tag and
+	// the thinking content)
+	thinkingState_ThinkingStartedEatingWhitespace
+	// We've seen non-whitespace characters after the opening tag, but we haven't
+	// seen the closing tag yet
+	thinkingState_Thinking
+	// We've seen the closing tag, but we haven't seen any non-whitespace
+	// characters after the closing tag yet (we want to eat any whitespace between
+	// the closing tag and the content)
+	thinkingState_ThinkingDoneEatingWhitespace
+	// We've seen the closing tag and seen at least one non-whitespace character
+	// after it
+	thinkingState_ThinkingDone
+)
+
+func (s thinkingState) String() string {
+	switch s {
+	case thinkingState_LookingForOpening:
+		return "LookingForOpening"
+	case thinkingState_ThinkingStartedEatingWhitespace:
+		return "ThinkingStartedEatingWhitespace"
+	case thinkingState_Thinking:
+		return "Thinking"
+	case thinkingState_ThinkingDoneEatingWhitespace:
+		return "ThinkingDoneEatingWhitespace"
+	case thinkingState_ThinkingDone:
+		return "ThinkingDone"
+	default:
+		return "Unknown"
+	}
+}
+
+type thinkingParser struct {
+	state      thinkingState
+	openingTag string
+	closingTag string
+	acc        strings.Builder
+}
+
+// addContent returns the thinking content and the non-thinking content that
+// should be immediately sent to the user. It will internally buffer if it needs
+// to see more raw content to disambiguate
+func (s *thinkingParser) addContent(content string) (string, string) {
+	s.acc.WriteString(content)
+
+	var thinkingSb, remainingSb strings.Builder
+
+	var thinking, remaining string
+	keepLooping := true
+	// we loop because we might pass through multiple parsing states in a single
+	// call to addContent, and we want to make sure callers don't have to wait for
+	// data that's already unambiguous
+	for keepLooping {
+		thinking, remaining, keepLooping = eat(s)
+		thinkingSb.WriteString(thinking)
+		remainingSb.WriteString(remaining)
+	}
+
+	return thinkingSb.String(), remainingSb.String()
+}
+
+// the additional bool return is true iff we should continue eating
+func eat(s *thinkingParser) (string, string, bool) {
+	switch s.state {
+	case thinkingState_LookingForOpening:
+		trimmed := strings.TrimLeftFunc(s.acc.String(), unicode.IsSpace)
+		if strings.HasPrefix(trimmed, s.openingTag) {
+			after := strings.Join(strings.Split(trimmed, s.openingTag)[1:], s.openingTag)
+			after = strings.TrimLeftFunc(after, unicode.IsSpace)
+			// after might contain more than just thinking tokens, so we continue
+			// parsing instead of returning it as thinking tokens here
+			s.acc.Reset()
+			s.acc.WriteString(after)
+			if after == "" {
+				s.state = thinkingState_ThinkingStartedEatingWhitespace
+			} else {
+				s.state = thinkingState_Thinking
+			}
+			return "", "", true
+		} else if strings.HasPrefix(s.openingTag, trimmed) {
+			// partial opening seen, so let's keep accumulating
+			return "", "", false
+		} else if trimmed == "" {
+			// saw whitespace only, so let's keep accumulating
+			return "", "", false
+		} else {
+			// didn't see an opening tag, but we have content, so thinking was skipped
+			s.state = thinkingState_ThinkingDone
+			// note that we use the original content, not the trimmed one because we
+			// don't want to eat any whitespace in the real content if there were no
+			// thinking tags
+			return "", s.acc.String(), false
+		}
+	case thinkingState_ThinkingStartedEatingWhitespace:
+		trimmed := strings.TrimLeftFunc(s.acc.String(), unicode.IsSpace)
+		s.acc.Reset()
+		if trimmed == "" {
+			return "", "", false
+		} else {
+			s.state = thinkingState_Thinking
+			s.acc.WriteString(trimmed)
+			return "", "", true
+		}
+	case thinkingState_Thinking:
+		acc := s.acc.String()
+		if strings.Contains(acc, s.closingTag) {
+			split := strings.Split(acc, s.closingTag)
+			thinking := split[0]
+			remaining := strings.Join(split[1:], s.closingTag)
+			remaining = strings.TrimLeftFunc(remaining, unicode.IsSpace)
+			s.acc.Reset()
+			if remaining == "" {
+				s.state = thinkingState_ThinkingDoneEatingWhitespace
+			} else {
+				s.state = thinkingState_ThinkingDone
+			}
+			return thinking, remaining, false
+		} else if overlapLen := overlap(acc, s.closingTag); overlapLen > 0 {
+			thinking := acc[:len(acc)-overlapLen]
+			remaining := acc[len(acc)-overlapLen:]
+			s.acc.Reset()
+			// keep track of the candidate closing tag. We have to buffer it until it
+			// becomes disambiguated
+			s.acc.WriteString(remaining)
+			return thinking, "", false
+		} else {
+			// purely just thinking tokens, so we can return them
+			s.acc.Reset()
+			return acc, "", false
+		}
+	case thinkingState_ThinkingDoneEatingWhitespace:
+		trimmed := strings.TrimLeftFunc(s.acc.String(), unicode.IsSpace)
+		s.acc.Reset()
+		// if we see non-whitespace, we're done eating the leading whitespace of the content
+		if trimmed != "" {
+			s.state = thinkingState_ThinkingDone
+		}
+		return "", trimmed, false
+	case thinkingState_ThinkingDone:
+		acc := s.acc.String()
+		s.acc.Reset()
+		return "", acc, false
+	default:
+		panic("unknown state")
+	}
+}
+
+// longest overlap between suffix of s and prefix of delim
+func overlap(s, delim string) int {
+	max := min(len(delim), len(s))
+	for i := max; i > 0; i-- {
+		if strings.HasSuffix(s, delim[:i]) {
+			return i
+		}
+	}
+	return 0
+}
+
+func templateVisit(n parse.Node, enterFn func(parse.Node) bool, exitFn func(parse.Node)) {
+	if n == nil {
+		return
+	}
+	shouldContinue := enterFn(n)
+	if !shouldContinue {
+		return
+	}
+	switch x := n.(type) {
+	case *parse.ListNode:
+		for _, c := range x.Nodes {
+			templateVisit(c, enterFn, exitFn)
+		}
+	case *parse.BranchNode:
+		if x.Pipe != nil {
+			templateVisit(x.Pipe, enterFn, exitFn)
+		}
+		if x.List != nil {
+			templateVisit(x.List, enterFn, exitFn)
+		}
+		if x.ElseList != nil {
+			templateVisit(x.ElseList, enterFn, exitFn)
+		}
+	case *parse.ActionNode:
+		templateVisit(x.Pipe, enterFn, exitFn)
+	case *parse.WithNode:
+		templateVisit(&x.BranchNode, enterFn, exitFn)
+	case *parse.RangeNode:
+		templateVisit(&x.BranchNode, enterFn, exitFn)
+	case *parse.IfNode:
+		templateVisit(&x.BranchNode, enterFn, exitFn)
+	case *parse.TemplateNode:
+		templateVisit(x.Pipe, enterFn, exitFn)
+	case *parse.PipeNode:
+		for _, c := range x.Cmds {
+			templateVisit(c, enterFn, exitFn)
+		}
+	case *parse.CommandNode:
+		for _, a := range x.Args {
+			templateVisit(a, enterFn, exitFn)
+		}
+		// text, field, number, etc. are leaves – nothing to recurse into
+	}
+	if exitFn != nil {
+		exitFn(n)
+	}
+}
+
+// We use a heuristic to infer the tags that surround thinking traces:
+// We look for a range node that iterates over "Messages" and then look for a
+// reference to "Thinking" like `{{.Thinking}}`. We then go up to the nearest
+// ListNode and take the first and last TextNodes as the opening and closing
+// tags.
+func inferThinkingTags(t *template.Template) (string, string) {
+	ancestors := []parse.Node{}
+
+	openingTag := ""
+	closingTag := ""
+
+	enterFn := func(n parse.Node) bool {
+		ancestors = append(ancestors, n)
+
+		switch x := n.(type) {
+		case *parse.FieldNode:
+			if len(x.Ident) > 0 && x.Ident[0] == "Thinking" {
+				var mostRecentRange *parse.RangeNode
+				for i := len(ancestors) - 1; i >= 0; i-- {
+					if r, ok := ancestors[i].(*parse.RangeNode); ok {
+						mostRecentRange = r
+						break
+					}
+				}
+				if mostRecentRange == nil || !rangeUsesField(mostRecentRange, "Messages") {
+					return true
+				}
+
+				// TODO(drifkin): to be more robust, check that it's in the action
+				// part, not the `if`'s pipeline part. We do match on the nearest list
+				// that starts and ends with text nodes, which makes this not strictly
+				// necessary for our heuristic
+
+				// go up to the nearest ancestor that is a *parse.ListNode
+				for i := len(ancestors) - 1; i >= 0; i-- {
+					if l, ok := ancestors[i].(*parse.ListNode); ok {
+						firstNode := l.Nodes[0]
+						if t, ok := firstNode.(*parse.TextNode); ok {
+							openingTag = strings.TrimSpace(t.String())
+						}
+						lastNode := l.Nodes[len(l.Nodes)-1]
+						if t, ok := lastNode.(*parse.TextNode); ok {
+							closingTag = strings.TrimSpace(t.String())
+						}
+
+						break
+					}
+				}
+			}
+		}
+
+		return true
+	}
+
+	exitFn := func(n parse.Node) {
+		ancestors = ancestors[:len(ancestors)-1]
+	}
+
+	templateVisit(t.Root, enterFn, exitFn)
+
+	return openingTag, closingTag
+}
+
+// checks to see if the given field name is present in the pipeline of the given range node
+func rangeUsesField(rangeNode *parse.RangeNode, field string) bool {
+	found := false
+	enterFn := func(n parse.Node) bool {
+		switch x := n.(type) {
+		case *parse.FieldNode:
+			if x.Ident[0] == field {
+				found = true
+			}
+		}
+		return true
+	}
+	templateVisit(rangeNode.BranchNode.Pipe, enterFn, nil)
+	return found
+}
--- a/server/thinking_test.go
+++ b/server/thinking_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,403 @@
+package server
+
+import (
+	"testing"
+	"text/template"
+)
+
+func TestExtractThinking(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		in, wantContent, wantThink string
+	}{
+		{
+			in:          "<think> internal </think> world",
+			wantThink:   "internal ",
+			wantContent: "world",
+		},
+		{
+			in:          "<think>a</think><think>b</think>c",
+			wantThink:   "a",
+			wantContent: "<think>b</think>c",
+		},
+		{
+			in:          "no think",
+			wantThink:   "",
+			wantContent: "no think",
+		},
+	}
+	for i, tt := range tests {
+		parser := thinkingParser{
+			openingTag: "<think>",
+			closingTag: "</think>",
+		}
+		gotThinking, gotContent := parser.addContent(tt.in)
+		if gotContent != tt.wantContent || gotThinking != tt.wantThink {
+			t.Errorf("case %d: got (%q,%q), want (%q,%q)", i, gotThinking, gotContent, tt.wantThink, tt.wantContent)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestThinkingStreaming(t *testing.T) {
+	type step struct {
+		input          string
+		wantThinking   string
+		wantContent    string
+		wantStateAfter thinkingState
+	}
+
+	cases := []struct {
+		desc  string
+		skip  bool
+		steps []step
+	}{
+		{
+			desc: "content without a thinking tag",
+			steps: []step{
+				{
+					input:          "  abc",
+					wantThinking:   "",
+					wantContent:    "  abc",
+					wantStateAfter: thinkingState_ThinkingDone,
+				},
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			desc: "content before a thinking tag nerfs the thinking tag",
+			steps: []step{
+				{
+					input:          "  abc <think>def</think> ghi",
+					wantThinking:   "",
+					wantContent:    "  abc <think>def</think> ghi",
+					wantStateAfter: thinkingState_ThinkingDone,
+				},
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			desc: "building up a thinking tag partially",
+			steps: []step{
+				{
+					input:          "  <th",
+					wantThinking:   "",
+					wantContent:    "",
+					wantStateAfter: thinkingState_LookingForOpening,
+				},
+				{
+					input:          "in",
+					wantThinking:   "",
+					wantContent:    "",
+					wantStateAfter: thinkingState_LookingForOpening,
+				},
+				{
+					input:          "k>a",
+					wantThinking:   "a",
+					wantContent:    "",
+					wantStateAfter: thinkingState_Thinking,
+				},
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			desc: "partial closing tag",
+			steps: []step{
+				{
+					input:          "<think>abc</th",
+					wantThinking:   "abc",
+					wantContent:    "",
+					wantStateAfter: thinkingState_Thinking,
+				},
+				{
+					input:          "ink>def",
+					wantThinking:   "",
+					wantContent:    "def",
+					wantStateAfter: thinkingState_ThinkingDone,
+				},
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			desc: "partial closing tag fakeout",
+			steps: []step{
+				{
+					input:          "<think>abc</th",
+					wantThinking:   "abc",
+					wantContent:    "",
+					wantStateAfter: thinkingState_Thinking,
+				},
+				{
+					input:          "ing>def",
+					wantThinking:   "</thing>def",
+					wantContent:    "",
+					wantStateAfter: thinkingState_Thinking,
+				},
+				{
+					input:          "ghi</thi",
+					wantThinking:   "ghi",
+					wantContent:    "",
+					wantStateAfter: thinkingState_Thinking,
+				},
+				{
+					input:          "nk>jkl",
+					wantThinking:   "",
+					wantContent:    "jkl",
+					wantStateAfter: thinkingState_ThinkingDone,
+				},
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			desc: "whitespace after thinking tag",
+			steps: []step{
+				{
+					input:          "  <think>abc</think>\n\ndef",
+					wantThinking:   "abc",
+					wantContent:    "def",
+					wantStateAfter: thinkingState_ThinkingDone,
+				},
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			desc: "whitespace after thinking tag (incremental)",
+			steps: []step{
+				{
+					input:          "  <think>abc</think>",
+					wantThinking:   "abc",
+					wantContent:    "",
+					wantStateAfter: thinkingState_ThinkingDoneEatingWhitespace,
+				},
+				{
+					input:          "\n\ndef",
+					wantThinking:   "",
+					wantContent:    "def",
+					wantStateAfter: thinkingState_ThinkingDone,
+				},
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			desc: "whitespace after thinking tag with content and more whitespace",
+			steps: []step{
+				{
+					input:          "  <think>abc</think>\n\ndef ",
+					wantThinking:   "abc",
+					wantContent:    "def ",
+					wantStateAfter: thinkingState_ThinkingDone,
+				},
+				{
+					input:          " ghi",
+					wantThinking:   "",
+					wantContent:    " ghi",
+					wantStateAfter: thinkingState_ThinkingDone,
+				},
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			desc: "token by token",
+			steps: []step{
+				{
+					input:          "<think>",
+					wantThinking:   "",
+					wantContent:    "",
+					wantStateAfter: thinkingState_ThinkingStartedEatingWhitespace,
+				},
+				{
+					input:          "\n",
+					wantThinking:   "",
+					wantContent:    "",
+					wantStateAfter: thinkingState_ThinkingStartedEatingWhitespace,
+				},
+				{
+					input:          "</think>",
+					wantThinking:   "",
+					wantContent:    "",
+					wantStateAfter: thinkingState_ThinkingDoneEatingWhitespace,
+				},
+				{
+					input:          "\n\n",
+					wantThinking:   "",
+					wantContent:    "",
+					wantStateAfter: thinkingState_ThinkingDoneEatingWhitespace,
+				},
+				{
+					input:          "Hi",
+					wantThinking:   "",
+					wantContent:    "Hi",
+					wantStateAfter: thinkingState_ThinkingDone,
+				},
+				{
+					input:          " there",
+					wantThinking:   "",
+					wantContent:    " there",
+					wantStateAfter: thinkingState_ThinkingDone,
+				},
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			desc: "leading thinking whitespace",
+			steps: []step{
+				{
+					input:          "  <think>   \t ",
+					wantThinking:   "",
+					wantContent:    "",
+					wantStateAfter: thinkingState_ThinkingStartedEatingWhitespace,
+				},
+				{
+					input:          "  these are some ",
+					wantThinking:   "these are some ",
+					wantContent:    "",
+					wantStateAfter: thinkingState_Thinking,
+				},
+				{
+					input:          "thoughts </think>  ",
+					wantThinking:   "thoughts ",
+					wantContent:    "",
+					wantStateAfter: thinkingState_ThinkingDoneEatingWhitespace,
+				},
+				{
+					input:          "  more content",
+					wantThinking:   "",
+					wantContent:    "more content",
+					wantStateAfter: thinkingState_ThinkingDone,
+				},
+			},
+		},
+	}
+
+	for _, c := range cases {
+		parser := thinkingParser{
+			openingTag: "<think>",
+			closingTag: "</think>",
+		}
+		if c.skip {
+			continue
+		}
+		for i, step := range c.steps {
+			thinking, content := parser.addContent(step.input)
+			if content != step.wantContent || thinking != step.wantThinking {
+				t.Errorf("case %q (step %d): got (%q,%q), want (%q,%q)", c.desc, i, content, thinking, step.wantContent, step.wantThinking)
+			}
+			if parser.state != step.wantStateAfter {
+				t.Errorf("case %q (step %d): got state %s, want %s", c.desc, i, parser.state, step.wantStateAfter)
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestInferThinkingTags(t *testing.T) {
+	cases := []struct {
+		desc           string
+		tmplString     string
+		wantOpeningTag string
+		wantClosingTag string
+	}{
+		{
+			desc: "basic",
+			tmplString: `
+			{{ if .Thinking}}
+				/think
+			{{ end }}
+			{{- range $i, $_ := .Messages }}
+				{{- $last := eq (len (slice $.Messages $i)) 1 -}}
+				{{ if and $last .Thinking }}
+					<think>{{ .Thinking }}</think>
+				{{ end }}
+			{{ end }}
+		`,
+			wantOpeningTag: "<think>",
+			wantClosingTag: "</think>",
+		},
+		{
+			desc: "doubly nested range",
+			tmplString: `
+			{{ if .Thinking}}
+				/think
+			{{ end }}
+			{{- range $i, $_ := .Messages }}
+				{{- range $j, $_ := .NotMessages }}
+					{{- $last := eq (len (slice $.Messages $i)) 1 -}}
+					{{ if and $last .Thinking }}
+						<think>{{ .Thinking }}</think>
+					{{ end }}
+				{{ end }}
+			{{ end }}
+		`,
+			wantOpeningTag: "",
+			wantClosingTag: "",
+		},
+		{
+			desc: "whitespace is trimmed",
+			tmplString: `
+			{{ if .Thinking}}
+				/think
+			{{ end }}
+			{{- range $i, $_ := .Messages }}
+				{{- $last := eq (len (slice $.Messages $i)) 1 -}}
+				{{ if and $last .Thinking }}
+					Some text before   {{ .Thinking }}    Some text after
+				{{ end }}
+			{{ end }}
+		`,
+			wantOpeningTag: "Some text before",
+			wantClosingTag: "Some text after",
+		},
+		{
+			desc: "qwen3",
+			tmplString: `
+{{- if or .System .Tools .Thinking }}<|im_start|>system
+{{- if .System }}
+{{ .System }}
+{{- end }}
+{{- if .Tools }}
+
+# Tools
+
+You may call one or more functions to assist with the user query.
+
+You are provided with function signatures within <tools></tools> XML tags:
+<tools>
+{{- range .Tools }}
+{"type": "function", "function": {{ .Function }}}
+{{- end }}
+</tools>
+
+For each function call, return a json object with function name and arguments within <tool_call></tool_call> XML tags:
+<tool_call>
+{"name": <function-name>, "arguments": <args-json-object>}
+</tool_call>
+{{- end }}
+{{- if .Thinking }}
+/think
+{{- else }}
+/no_think
+{{- end }}<|im_end|>
+{{ end }}
+{{- range $i, $_ := .Messages }}
+{{- $last := eq (len (slice $.Messages $i)) 1 -}}
+{{- if eq .Role "user" }}<|im_start|>user
+{{ .Content }}<|im_end|>
+{{ else if eq .Role "assistant" }}<|im_start|>assistant
+{{ if and $last .Thinking }}
+<think>{{ .Thinking }}</think>
+{{ end }}
+{{ if .Content }}{{ .Content }}
+{{- else if .ToolCalls }}<tool_call>
+{{ range .ToolCalls }}{"name": "{{ .Function.Name }}", "arguments": {{ .Function.Arguments }}}
+{{ end }}</tool_call>
+{{- end }}{{ if not $last }}<|im_end|>
+{{ end }}
+{{- else if eq .Role "tool" }}<|im_start|>user
+<tool_response>
+{{ .Content }}
+</tool_response><|im_end|>
+{{ end }}
+{{- if and (ne .Role "assistant") $last }}<|im_start|>assistant
+{{ end }}
+{{- end }}
+			`,
+			wantOpeningTag: "<think>",
+			wantClosingTag: "</think>",
+		},
+	}
+	for _, c := range cases {
+		tmpl := template.Must(template.New("test").Parse(c.tmplString))
+		openingTag, closingTag := inferThinkingTags(tmpl)
+		if openingTag != c.wantOpeningTag || closingTag != c.wantClosingTag {
+			t.Errorf("case %q: got (%q,%q), want (%q,%q)", c.desc, openingTag, closingTag, c.wantOpeningTag, c.wantClosingTag)
+		}
+	}
+}